Managing web content creation in a web portal

ABSTRACT

Techniques for managing web content creation include identifying a portal meta-model comprising one or more rules defining relationships between portal objects, and characteristics of the portal objects; receiving a portal model through a graphical user interface (GUI), the portal model comprising one or more customizable constraints on the relationships between the portal objects and the characteristics of the portal objects; identifying one or more portal objects comprising portal content; and applying the one or more rules and the one or more customizable constraints to the identified one or more portal objects.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to managing web content creation in a web portaland, more particularly, managing web content creation in a web portalwith a meta-model.

BACKGROUND

Content administrators (or developers) can create content structuresthat end-users can view and/or interact with in a hosted environment,such as a web portal. Such administrators may also be responsible forapplying relevant permissions to such content created within the contentstructures (e.g., portal objects). There may be many (e.g., tens,hundreds, or more) of different available content structure objects, andproper knowledge of such objects may be necessary in order to properlycreate content in the portal. Content administrators can easily createcontent errors, which would eventually appear on the test systems andcan cause possible delays with projects processes. Proper governancetools and mechanisms may help ensure proper content is maintainedaccording to content structure guidelines.

SUMMARY

This disclosure describes systems, methods, apparatus, andcomputer-readable media for managing web content creation. In someembodiments, a portal meta-model is identified and can include rulesthat define relationships between portal objects and that definecharacteristics of the portal objects. In some examples, therelationships can include containment rules (e.g., which portal objectscan be contained (included) by another portal object) and/or portalstructure rules (e.g., that a portal role object contains (includes)portal pages). In some examples, the characteristics can include portalassignment rules (e.g., associations between portal role objects andportal user objects). A portal model includes customizable constraintson the relationships between the portal objects and the characteristicsof the portal objects. In some examples, the customizable constraintscan include portal page rules (e.g., a minimum or maximum number ofportal pages contained (included) by the portal role object). Portalobjects that include portal content are identified (e.g., portal objectsthat are created). The rules (of the portal meta-model) and thecustomizable constraints (of the portal model) are applied to theidentified portal objects (that include the portal content).

A general embodiment of the subject described in this disclosure can beimplemented in methods that include identifying a portal meta-modelincluding one or more rules defining relationships between portalobjects, and characteristics of the portal objects; receiving a portalmodel through a graphical user interface (GUI), the portal modelincluding one or more customizable constraints on the relationshipsbetween the portal objects and the characteristics of the portalobjects; identifying one or more portal objects including portalcontent; and applying the one or more rules and the one or morecustomizable constraints to the identified one or more portal objects.

Other general embodiments include corresponding computer systems,apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computerstorage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.A system of one or more computers can be configured to performoperations to perform the actions. One or more computer programs can beconfigured to perform particular operations or actions by virtue ofincluding instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus,cause the apparatus to perform the actions.

A first aspect combinable with any of the general embodiments includesdetermining a difference between at least one characteristic of aparticular identified portal object and at least one of the rules or thecustomizable constraints.

A second aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects includespreparing a notification of the determined difference for displaythrough the GUI.

A third aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes initiating a block of publication of the portal content to aweb portal based on the identified difference.

A fourth aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes identifying a particular one of the rules or customizableconstraints that is different from the at least one characteristic ofthe particular identified portal object.

A fifth aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes adjusting the notification of the determined difference fordisplay through the GUI.

A sixth aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes identifying one or more portal objects including portal contentincludes receiving an identification of the one or more portal objectsthrough a portal editor or wizard.

A seventh aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes wherein at least one of the customizable constraints modifiesone of the one or more rules defining relationships between the portalobjects, and characteristics of the portal objects.

In an eight aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects, aparticular one of the one or more rules includes a portal structure rulethat defines that a portal object contains one or more portal pages, anda particular one of the customizable constraints defines a maximumnumber of portal pages contained in the portal role object.

A ninth aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes wherein the portal model includes a user-defined portal model

A tenth aspect combinable with any of the previous aspects furtherincludes receiving a modification to the user-defined portal modelthrough the GUI, the modification including a change to at least one ofthe customizable constraints.

Various embodiments of a content creation module according to thepresent disclosure may have one or more of the following features. Forexample, the content creation module facilitates enforcement of rulesand constraints provided by a portal meta-model and a portal model.Additionally, such an approach would allow customers to extend theportal meta-model and model definitions (e.g., via the portal model) toallow customization of such rules based on the needs of the customer.Furthermore, time spent on correcting errors in view of the rules andthe constraints would be minimized, thus a lower total cost of ownership(TCO). Additionally, a consistency in enforcement of the rules andconstraints would be provided, thus all content created across anorganization would be based on similar guidelines.

These general and specific aspects may be implemented using a device,system or method, or any combinations of devices, systems, or methods.For example, a system of one or more computers can be configured toperform particular actions by virtue of having software, firmware,hardware, or a combination of them installed on the system that inoperation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One or morecomputer programs can be configured to perform particular actions byvirtue of including instructions that, when executed by data processingapparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions. The details ofone or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawingsand the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages willbe apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example distributed computing system operable tomanage content to be created for a web portal;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a distributed computingsystem operable to manage content to be created for a web portal;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example portal meta-model;

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate example methods for managing content to becreated for a web portal; and

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate example user interfaces used with managingcontent to be created for a web portal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure describes systems, methods, apparatus, andcomputer-readable media for managing web content creation. In someembodiments, a portal meta-model is identified. The portal meta-modelcan include rules that define relationships between portal objects andthat define characteristics of the portal objects. In some examples, therelationships can include containment rules (e.g., which portal objectscan be contained (included) by another portal object) and/or portalstructure rules (e.g., that a portal role object contains (includes)portal pages). In some examples, the characteristics can include portalassignment rules (e.g., associations between portal role objects andportal user objects). A portal model is received through a graphicaluser interface (GUI). The portal model includes customizable constraintson the relationships between the portal objects and the characteristicsof the portal objects. In some examples, the customizable constraintscan include portal page rules (e.g., a minimum or maximum number ofportal pages contained (included) by the portal role object). Portalobjects that include portal content are identified (e.g., portal objectsthat are created). The rules (of the portal meta-model) and thecustomizable constraints (of the portal model) are applied to theidentified portal objects (that include the portal content). In someexamples, applying the rules and the customizable constraints to theidentified portal objects includes determining a difference between thecharacteristic of the identified portal object and the rules (of theportal meta-model) and/or the customizable constraints (of the portalmodel), and notifying a user of the difference through the GUI and/orblocking publication of the identified portal object (or portal contentof the portal object).

FIG. 1 illustrates an example distributed computing system 100 operableto manage creation of web content. For example, the illustratedenvironment 100 includes or is communicably coupled with an enterprisecomputing system 102, a mobile communications device 110 (“mobiledevice”), a host computing system 125, a repository 130, one or moreclient computing devices 135 (“clients”), and a third party contentprovider 170, at least some of which communicate across a network 115.

The illustrated enterprise computing system 102 and the illustrated hostcomputing system 125 both include separate servers 103. In general, eachserver 103 stores one or more hosted applications, such as, for example,a content creation module 104 or a web content composer module 105,where at least a portion of the hosted applications are executed viarequests and responses sent to users or clients within and communicablycoupled to the illustrated environment 100 of FIG. 1. In some instances,the server 103 may store multiple various hosted applications, while inother instances, the server 103 may be a dedicated server meant to storeand execute only a single hosted application (e.g., content creationmodule 104). In some instances, the server 103 may include a web server,where the hosted applications represent one or more web-basedapplications accessed and executed via network by the mobile device 110,the clients 135, or both to perform the programmed tasks or operationsof the hosted application.

At a high level, each illustrated server 103 includes an electroniccomputing device operable to receive, transmit, process, store, ormanage data and information associated with the environment 100. Forexample, one or both of the servers 103 illustrated in FIG. 1 may beresponsible for receiving application requests from one or more clientapplications associated with the mobile device 110, the clients 135 orboth of the environment 100 and responding to the received requests byprocessing said requests in an associated hosted application, andsending the appropriate response from the hosted application back to therequesting client application. In addition to requests from the mobiledevice 110, the clients 135, or both, requests associated with thehosted applications may also be sent from internal users, external orthird-party customers, other automated applications, as well as anyother appropriate entities, individuals, systems, or computers.

As used in the present disclosure, the term “computer” is intended toencompass any suitable processing device. For example, although FIG. 1illustrates single servers 103 for each of the enterprise computingsystem 102 and host computing system 125, environment 100 can beimplemented using two or more servers 103 for each computing system (102and 125), as well as computers other than servers, including a serverpool. Indeed, server 103 may be any computer or processing device suchas, for example, a blade server, general-purpose personal computer (PC),Macintosh, workstation, UNIX-based workstation, or any other suitabledevice. In other words, the present disclosure contemplates computersother than general purpose computers, as well as computers withoutconventional operating systems. Further, illustrated server 103 may beadapted to execute any operating system, including Linux, UNIX, Windows,Mac OS, or any other suitable operating system.

The server 103 of the enterprise computing system 102 includes contentcreation module 104. The content creation module 104 manages web contentcreation by applying rules of a portal meta-model and customizableconstraints of a portal model to created portal objects. A differencecan be determined between the rules and/or the constraints and theportal objects such that a user can be notified of such a differenceand/or a publication of the portal object can be blocked. The contentcreation module 104 can be implemented by and stored by any combinationof the enterprise computing system 102, the host computing system 125,the repository 130, the clients 135, and the mobile device 110.

The server 103 of the host computing system 125 includes a web contentcomposer 105. The web content composer 105 composes (creates) and/oredits the portal objects and the portal content that are to be managedby the content creation module 104. In some examples, the web contentcomposer 105 is a “what you see is what you get” (WYSIWYG) web contenteditor (such as HTML, XML, CSS, or Javascript).

Each of the illustrated servers 103 also includes an interface 117, aprocessor 118, and a memory 120. The interface 117 is used by the server103 for communicating with other systems in a distributedenvironment—including within the environment 100—connected to thenetwork 115; for example, the clients 135, the mobile device 110, orboth, as well as other systems communicably coupled to the network 115.Generally, each interface 117 includes logic encoded in software and/orhardware in a suitable combination and operable to communicate with thenetwork 115. More specifically, each interface 117 may include softwaresupporting one or more communication protocols associated withcommunications such that the network 115 or interface's hardware isoperable to communicate physical signals within and outside of theillustrated environment 100.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the servers 103 includes a processor118. Although illustrated as a single processor 118 in FIG. 1, two ormore processors may be used according to particular needs, desires, orparticular embodiments of the environment 100. Each processor 118 may bea central processing unit (CPU), a blade, an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), oranother suitable component. Generally, the processor 118 executesinstructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of theserver 103. For example, the processor 118 executes the functionalityrequired to receive and respond to requests from the clients 135 and/orthe mobile device 110.

Regardless of the particular implementation, “software” may includecomputer-readable instructions, firmware, wired or programmed hardware,or any combination thereof on a tangible medium (transitory ornon-transitory, as appropriate) operable when executed to perform atleast the processes and operations described herein. Indeed, eachsoftware component may be fully or partially written or described in anyappropriate computer language including C, C++, Java, Visual Basic,assembler, Perl, any suitable version of 4GL, as well as others. Whileportions of the software illustrated in FIG. 1 are shown as individualmodules that implement the various features and functionality throughvarious objects, methods, or other processes, the software may insteadinclude a number of sub-modules, third party services, components,libraries, and such, as appropriate. Conversely, the features andfunctionality of various components can be combined into singlecomponents as appropriate.

Each of the servers 103 also includes a memory 120, or multiple memories120. The memory 120 may include any memory or database module and maytake the form of volatile or non-volatile memory including, withoutlimitation, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), removable media, or any other suitable local orremote memory component. The memory 120 may store various objects ordata, including classes, frameworks, applications, backup data, businessobjects, jobs, web pages, web page templates, database tables,repositories storing business and/or dynamic information, and any otherappropriate information including any parameters, variables, algorithms,instructions, rules, constraints, or references thereto associated withthe purposes of the computing system 102, 125. Additionally, the memory120 may include any other appropriate data, such as VPN applications,firmware logs and policies, firewall policies, a security or access log,print or other reporting files, as well as others.

The environment further includes an illustrated repository 130. In someembodiments, the repository 130 is an in-memory repository. Therepository 130 can be a cloud-based storage medium. For example, therepository 130 can be networked online storage where data is stored onvirtualized pools of storage.

The illustrated environment of FIG. 1 also includes one or more clients135 and the mobile device 110, or multiple mobile devices 110. Eachclient 135 and/or the mobile device 110 may be any computing deviceoperable to connect to or communicate with at least the computingsystems 102, 125 and/or via the network 115 using a wireline or wirelessconnection. In general, each client 135 and/or the mobile device 110includes an electronic computer device operable to receive, transmit,process, and store any appropriate data associated with the environment100 of FIG. 1.

There may be any number of clients 135 and/or mobile devices 110associated with, or external to, the environment 100. For example, whilethe illustrated environment 100 includes six clients 135 and one mobiledevice 110, alternative implementations of environment 100 may include asingle client 135 or multiple mobile devices 110 communicably coupled tothe server 102 and/or the network 115, or any other number suitable tothe purposes of the environment 100.

Additionally, there may also be one or more additional clients 135and/or mobile devices 110 external to the illustrated portion ofenvironment 100 that are capable of interacting with the environment 100via the network 115. Further, the term “client” and “user” may be usedinterchangeably as appropriate without departing from the scope of thisdisclosure. Moreover, while each client 135 and/or the mobile device 110is described in terms of being used by a single user, this disclosurecontemplates that many users may use one computer, or that one user mayuse multiple computers. As used in this disclosure, the client 135 isintended to encompass a personal computer, tablet computer, smart phone,cell phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), touch screen terminal,workstation, network computer, kiosk, one or more processors withinthese or other devices, or any other suitable processing device.

The illustrated mobile device 110 may be any mobile computing devicesuch as a wireless data port, smart phone, personal data assistant(PDA), tablet computing device, one or more processors within thesedevices, or any other suitable processing device. For example, eachclient 135 and the mobile device 110 may include a computer thatincludes an input device, such as a keypad, touch screen, mouse (in theclient 135 example), or other device that can accept user information,and an output device that conveys information associated with theoperation of the computing systems 102, 125 or the client 135 or themobile device 100 itself, including digital data, visual information, ora graphic user interface (GUI) 113, as shown with respect to the mobiledevice 110. In the example of the clients 135, both the input and outputdevice may include fixed or removable storage media such as a magneticstorage media, CD-ROM, or other suitable media to both receive inputfrom and provide output to users of the clients 135 through the display.

Further, the mobile device 110 includes the GUI 113 to interface with atleast a portion of the environment 100 for any suitable purpose,including generating a visual representation of a web browser.Generally, through the GUI 113, the user is provided with an efficientand user-friendly presentation of data provided by or communicatedwithin the system. The term “graphical user interface,” or GUI, may beused in the singular or the plural to describe one or more graphicaluser interfaces and each of the displays of a particular graphical userinterface. Therefore, the GUI 113 can represent any graphical userinterface, including but not limited to, a web browser, touch screen, orcommand line interface (CLI) that processes information in theenvironment 100 and efficiently presents the information results to theuser. In general, the GUI 113 may include multiple user interface (UI)elements, some or all associated with a web browser, such as interactivefields, pull-down lists, and buttons operable by the user at the mobiledevice 113. These and other UI elements may be related to or representthe functions of the web browser. In particular, the GUI 113 may be usedto view and navigate various web pages located both internal andexternal to the server.

In some embodiments, one or more of the mobile device 110 (or mobiledevices 110) and clients 135 may access one or more applications hostedon the host computing system 125 through a portal such as an enterpriseportal, also known as an enterprise information portal (EIP) orcorporate portal. The web portal (e.g., portal 204 illustrated in FIG.2) may be a framework for integrating information, people and processesacross organizational boundaries. It provides a secure unified accesspoint, often in the form of a web-based user interface, and is designedto aggregate and personalize information through application-specificportlets. For example, the web portal may exhibit de-centralized contentcontribution and content management, which keeps the information alwaysupdated. With only a web browser, users can begin work once they havebeen authenticated in the portal which offers a single point of accessto information, enterprise applications, and services both inside andoutside an organization. Enterprise portals may present information fromdiverse sources in a unified way, and provide additional services, suchas an internal search engine, e-mail, news, and various other features.Enterprise portals are often used by enterprises for providing theiremployees, customers, and possibly additional users with a consistentlook and feel, and access control and procedures for multipleapplications, which otherwise would have been separate entitiesaltogether.

The environment 100 further includes web (portal) content 150 and portalobjects 160. The illustrated web content 150 is the textual, visual oraural content that is encountered as part of the user experience onwebsites. The web content 160 may include, among other things: text,images, sounds, videos, applications, sub-applications, and animations.The web content 150 is stored by any combination of the host computingsystem 125 and the repository 130.

In some embodiments, the illustrated portal objects 160 are sub-portionsof the web (portal) content 150. The portal objects 160 are any kind ofapplication, information, or service that can be visualized in a Webbrowser frame. The portal objects 160, in some embodiments, may beself-contained Web documents that are provided via a Uniform ResourceLocator (URL) that are managed by the enterprise computing system 102.For example, the portal objects 160 can include alerts, reports, emails,calendars, text documents, multimedia files, reports, files,applications, and other content. For example, if a user enters a word ina dictionary portal object 160, the definition appears inside the areaof the portal object 160. A link to usage examples, similar words, etc.can also be provided.

The portal objects 160 can include one or more of the characteristicsof: stateless (not permanently connected to any component of theenvironment 100); embedded (non-dominant, parallel to other portalobjects 160); provide previews on underlying processes and/or data;one-screen interactions; include only key functionality; provide directaccess without navigation; push information and refresh periodically;integration with third-party software; and allow users to modify anappearance thereof. The portal objects 160 may provide data, forexample, providing active information; monitor business processes;preview data and processes; display notifications for startingtask-related processes; and offering access to often used data. Theportal objects 160 may further provide direct access to simpleapplications; accelerated access to other applications; reduction ofinformation and interaction to the necessary; and drag-and-relate thatuse outputs as inputs within the environment 100. The portal objects 160offer customization such that specific portal objects 160, along withreduction of information and tailoring of information presented by theportal objects 160, can be implemented according to the user data of theuser of the mobile device 110, the clients 135, or both.

As illustrated, the portal objects 160 are stored by the memory 120 ofthe enterprise computing system 102. However, the portal objects 160 canbe stored in any combination of the memory the enterprise computingsystem 102, the host computing system 125, and/or the repository 130. Insome embodiments, the portal objects 160 can be provided by and storedby the third party content provider 170.

The environment 100 further includes a portal meta-model 180 and aportal model 182. The portal meta-model 180 includes rules 184 and theportal model 182 includes customizable constraints 186. In summary, thecontent creation module 104 employs (e.g., applies) the portalmeta-model 180 and the portal model 182 to the portal objects 160 whenmanaging the portal objects 160 (e.g., portal objects 160 created by auser or edited/modified by the user, such as a user of the mobile device110, the clients 135, or both). For example, during generation (ormodification) of the portal objects 160 by an administrator (e.g., an ITadministrator or portal object developer), the administrator (e.g., theuser) of the portal object objects 160 can be confined (e.g., limited)to the rules 184 of the portal meta-model 180 and the customizableconstraints 186 of the portal model 182. Thus, the administrator isunable to violate the rules 184 or the customizable constraints 186 (insome examples, without knowledge/awareness of application of the rules184 or the customizable constraints 186 to the portal objects 160).

In some embodiments, the portal meta-model 180 is provided by the hostcomputing system 125. However, the portal meta-model 180 can be providedby any combination of the host computing system 125, the enterprisecomputing system 102, the clients 135, or the mobile device 110. Theportal meta-model 180 includes (or provides) the rules 184 that definerelationships between the portal objects 160 and that definecharacteristics of the portal objects 160, described further below. Insome examples, the portal meta-model 180 provides the rules 184 that arerelevant to multiple (or all) portals (e.g., the portal 204 illustratedin FIG. 2). In other words, the portal meta-model 180 and the rules 184can be common to multiple portals. In some examples, the portalmeta-model 180 (and the rules 184) are independent of the specificorganization associated with the portal, independent of a group withinthe organization, independent of a specific person within theorganization, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the portal model 182 is provided by the enterprisecomputing system 102. However, the portal meta-model 182 can be providedby any combination of the host computing system 125, the enterprisecomputing system 102, the clients 135, or the mobile device 110. Theportal model 182 includes (or provides) the customizable constraints 186on the relationships between the portal objects 160 and thecharacteristics of the portal object 160. In some examples, the portalmodel 182 is a specific implementation (or example) of the portalmeta-model 180 in that the customizable constraints 186 further define(or limit) the rules 184. In some examples, the portal model 182provides the customizable constraints 186 that are relevant to only to asubset (or one) portal (e.g., the portal 204 illustrated in FIG. 2). Inother words, the portal model 182 and the customizable constraints 186are specific to one portal (e.g., provided by the organizationassociated with the portal). In some examples, the portal model 182 (andthe customizable constraints 186) are dependent on the specificorganization associated with the portal, dependent on a group within theorganization, dependent on a specific person within the organization, ora combination thereof.

With respect to the network 115, generally, the network 115 facilitateswireless or wireline communications between the components of theenvironment 100 (i.e., between the computing systems 102, 125 and theclients 135), as well as with any other local or remote computer, suchas additional clients, servers, or other devices communicably coupled tonetwork 115 but not illustrated in FIG. 1. The network 115 isillustrated as a single network in FIG. 1, but may be a continuous ordiscontinuous network without departing from the scope of thisdisclosure, so long as at least a portion of the network 115 mayfacilitate communications between senders and recipients. The network115 may be all or a portion of an enterprise or secured network, whilein another instance at least a portion of the network 115 may representa connection to the Internet.

In some instances, a portion of the network 115 may be a virtual privatenetwork (VPN), such as, for example, the connection between the client135 and the computing systems 102, 125. Further, all or a portion of thenetwork 115 can include either a wireline or wireless link. Examplewireless links may include 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.20, WiMax, and/or anyother appropriate wireless link. In other words, the network 115encompasses any internal or external network, networks, sub-network, orcombination thereof operable to facilitate communications betweenvarious computing components inside and outside the illustratedenvironment 100. The network 115 may communicate, for example, InternetProtocol (IP) packets, Frame Relay frames, Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) cells, voice, video, data, and other suitable information betweennetwork addresses. The network 115 may also include one or more localarea networks (LANs), radio access networks (RANs), metropolitan areanetworks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), all or a portion of theInternet, and/or any other communication system or systems at one ormore locations.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example environment 200 of a distributed computingsystem operable to manage creation of the portal objects 160. Theenvironment 200 includes the clients 135, the mobile device 110, thecontent creation module 104, a graphical user interface (GUI) 202, aportal 204, services 206, content sources 208 a-208 g, and the contentitems 160. The environment 200 further includes the portal meta-model180 (including the rules 184) and the portal model 182 (including theconstraints 186).

The content items 160 are accessed by users of the clients 135, users ofthe mobile device 110, or users of both (“users”) through interactionwith the GUI 202. The content items 160 can be stored by, and retrievedfrom, the one or more content sources 208 a-208 g. In the illustratedembodiment, the services 206 may facilitate communication between thecontent creation module 104 and one or more clients 135 and/or themobile device 110 outside of the GUI 202. Accordingly, such clients 135and the mobile device 110 may implement the functionality of the contentcreation module 104 without accessing the GUI 202 (i.e., without a UIlayer), such as, for example, through a query.

Content source 208 a, for instance, may include a collaboration modulethat stores, references, and/or accumulates content for sharing andother collaborative actions across multiple systems and/or user (such asacross a business enterprise). For example, a collaborative environmentor collaboration module in an enterprise environment may share andaccumulate information (i.e., content) that enables users to sharecontent and work together in mutual areas in the portal.

Content source 208 b, for instance, may include an enterprise resourcesystem (ERP) associated with the host computing system 125 thatintegrates internal and external business and management informationacross a business enterprise (e.g., finance/accounting, manufacturing,sales and service, and customer relationship management streams ofdata). The ERP system may facilitate the flow of information between allbusiness functions inside the boundaries of the organization and managethe connections to outside customers and/or clients. The ERP system mayinclude a client/server architecture with one or more databases withmodifiable software executing thereon to provide an end-to-end businesssolution.

Content source 208 c, for instance, may include content stored,referenced, and/or calculated on an in-memory database associated withthe host computing system 125. The in-memory database may includeintegrated processing, i.e., all business and/or analytic operationsdone in processing memory. Moreover, content from business contentsources may be replicated from one or more transactional systems (e.g.,coupled to the network 115) to the in-memory database immediately. Thus,the in-memory database, in some aspects, may handle the analyticalsystems for all business data in real-time, as opposed to, for instance,computational processing systems that have separate transactional andanalytical systems that connect through relational databases (i.e.,relational databases stored on magnetic memory that require a process,e.g., ETL, to transfer data from one system to another not in real timebut with a delay of an hour, day, week, or longer). In some embodiments,the in-memory database may expose business data and capabilities toimprove an end-solution for end users (e.g., the clients 135). Thein-memory database may reside on top of a computational engine thatfacilitates fast manipulations on large amounts of business data and/orreplication of entire business suite information. Thus, in someembodiments, the in-memory database may provide for the following designprinciples/concepts: business data in real-time (e.g., GUI patterns forconstantly updated business data); well modeled tables and data cubes(e.g., in order to provide semantic services); a highly parallelizedcomputational engine (e.g., for computationally intensive GUI patternssuch as real time alerts and/or suggestions); close coupling of businesslogic and business data (e.g., eliminating indexing and caching).

Content source 208 d, for instance, may include a gateway technologyassociated with the host computing system 125 that provides a simple wayto connect devices, environments and platforms based on marketstandards. For example, the gateway may, for example, be a front-endserver to a business suite application and expose business suiteservices in an open protocol format. Exposed content may include,business and/or social data through social updates, for example,Twitter, Facebook, RSS feed/channels, and/or other feed sources orchannels.

Content source 208 e, for instance, may include a business objectrepository. Each business object stored in the repository, for example,may include a capsule with an internal hierarchical structure, behavioroffered by its operations, and integrity constraints. In general, theoverall structure of the business object model ensures the consistencyof the interfaces that are derived from the business object model. Thederivation helps ensure that the same business-related subject matter orconcept can be represented and structured in the same way in variousinterfaces. The business object model defines the business-relatedconcepts at a central location for a number of business transactions. Inother words, it reflects the decisions made about modeling the businessentities of the real world acting in business transactions acrossindustries and business areas. The business object model is defined bythe business objects and their relationship to each other (the overallnet structure).

Business objects are generally semantically disjointed, i.e., the samebusiness information is represented once. In some embodiments, thebusiness objects are arranged in an ordering framework such that theycan be arranged according to their existence dependency to each other.For example, in a modeling environment, the customizing elements mightbe arranged on the left side of the business object model, the strategicelements might be arranged in the center of the business object model,and the operative elements might be arranged on the right side of thebusiness object model. Similarly, the business objects can be arrangedin this model from the top to the bottom based on defined order of thebusiness areas, e.g., finance could be arranged at the top of thebusiness object model with customer relationship management (CRM) belowfinance and supplier relationship management (SRM) below CRM. To helpensure the consistency of interfaces, the business object model may bebuilt using standardized data types as well as packages to group relatedelements together, and package templates and entity templates to specifythe arrangement of packages and entities within the structure.

A business object may be defined such that it contains multiple layers.Typical business object may contain four layers: a kernel layer, anintegrity layer, an interface layer, and an access layer. The innermostlayer of the example business object is the kernel layer. The kernellayer represents the business object's inherent data, containing variousattributes of the defined business object. The second layer representsthe integrity layer. The integrity layer contains the business logic ofthe object. Such logic may include business rules for consistentembedding in a computing environment and the constraints regarding thevalues and domains that apply to the business object. Business logic mayinclude statements that define or constrain some aspect of the business,such that they are intended to assert business structure or to controlor influence the behavior of the business entity. It may pertain to thefacts recorded on data and constraints on changes to that data. Ineffect, business logic may determine what data may, or may not, berecorded in business object. The third layer, the interface layer, maysupply the valid options for accessing the business object and describethe implementation, structure, and interface of the business object tothe outside world. To do so, the interface layer may contain methods,input event controls, and output events. The fourth and outermost layerof the business object is the access layer. The access layer defines thetechnologies that may be used for external access to the businessobject's data. Some examples of allowed technologies may includeCOM/DCOM (Component Object Model/Distributed Component Object Model),CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture), RFC (Remote FunctionCall), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Java, among others.Additionally, business objects of this embodiment may implement standardobject-oriented technologies such as encapsulation, inheritance, and/orpolymorphism.

Content source 208 f, for instance, may include, a business intelligencemodule that, at a high level, provides software and/or middlewareservices for performance analytics (e.g., supports organizationalefforts to develop sophisticated visual representations of processes andperformance, providing organizations with new insights that can helpthem make more informed decisions, assess and plan a businessintelligence strategy, deploy dashboard tools, generate management andoperational reports, and build an IT infrastructure that provides highscalability for users and data); services for analytic applications(e.g., provides guidance and deployment expertise in implementinganalytic applications, offering pre-built analytics and data models tohelp a customer with a specific business problem in various industries,helping organizations to efficiently deploy applications); andintroductory business intelligence services (e.g., introducesorganizations to the dynamics of using business intelligence, providingthe ability to leverage the functionality of business intelligence—suchas executive dashboards and operational reports—without initiating afull-scale implementation).

Content source 208 f, for instance, may be content from third partyplatforms, such as content from third parties unaffiliated with, forexample, the host computing system 125 and enterprise computing system102. For instance, content source 208 f may be content from third partycontent provider 170.

To that end, in some examples, the web content creation is managed.Specifically, the portal meta-model 180 is identified. The portalmeta-model 180 can include the rules 184 that define relationshipsbetween the portal objects 160 and that define characteristics of theportal objects 160. In some examples, the relationships can includecontainment rules (e.g., which of the portal objects 160 can becontained (included) by another portal object 160) and/or portalstructure rules (e.g., rules that stipulate that a portal object 160contains (includes) portal pages). In some examples, the characteristicscan include portal assignment rules (e.g., associations between portalrole objects 160 and portal user objects 160). A portal model 182 isreceived through a graphical user interface (GUI) (such as the GUI 113of the mobile device 110). The portal model 182 includes customizableconstraints 186 on the relationships between the portal objects 160 andthe characteristics of the portal objects 160. In some examples, thecustomizable constraints 186 can include portal page rules (e.g., aminimum or maximum number of portal pages contained (included) by theportal role object 160). The portal objects 160 that include the portalcontent (e.g., the web content 160) are identified. The rules 184 (ofthe portal meta-model 180) and the customizable constraints 186 (of theportal model 182) are applied to the identified portal objects 160 (thatinclude the portal content). In some examples, applying the rules 184and the customizable constraints 186 to the identified portal objects160 includes determining a difference between the characteristic of theidentified portal object 160 and the rules 184 (of the portal meta-model180) and/or the customizable constraints 186 (of the portal model 182),and notifying a user of the difference through the GUI and/or blockingpublication of the identified portal object 160 (and/or portal contentof the portal object 160).

Specifically, the portal meta-model 180 is identified. The portalmeta-model 180 can include rules 184 that define the relationshipsbetween the portal objects 160 and that define the characteristics ofthe portal objects 160. Identification of the portal meta-model 180 caninclude receiving the portal meta-model 180 (e.g., from the hostcomputing system 102), retrieving the portal meta-model 180 (e.g., fromthe host computing system 102), or both. In some embodiments, the portal204, the content creation module 104, or both, identify the portalmeta-model 180.

As mentioned above, the portal meta-model 180 provides the rules 184that are common to multiple portals (or organizations). However, in someexamples, the specific portal meta-model 180, the rules 184, or both,can be based on the content (e.g., the content objects 160) of theportal, a type of the portal (e.g., similar “types” of portals will becommon to the portal meta-model 180), or both. In some examples, therules 184 that define the relationships between the portal objects 160can include rules relating to containment of one or more of the portalobjects 160 by another portal object 160 (e.g., containment rules);rules relating to associations between portal objects 160 (such asassociations between portal role objects 160 and user role objects 160).In some examples, the containment rules can types of objects the portalobjects 160 can include (such as portal pages), and that the portalpages cannot include a portal object 160. In some examples, the rules184 that define the characteristics of the portal objects 160 caninclude assignment of the portal objects 160 to differing user roles(e.g., portal assignment rules).

In some examples, the rules 184 further include a portal structure rulethat defines that one or more of the portal objects 160 contains(includes) one or more portal pages. For example, the portal objects 160relating to a specific portal 204 (and in some examples, a specificorganization) contain (include) one or more portal pages. Similar tothat mentioned above, the portal pages can include web documents thatare provided via a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that are managed bythe enterprise computing system 102. In some examples, each portalobject 160 can include one or more portal pages. In some examples, asubset of the portal objects 160 can include one or more portal pages.In some examples, the subset of the portal objects 160 can relate to aspecific categorization of the portal objects (e.g., portal objects 160relating to a certain role of the user, or portal objects 160 relating aspecific functionality).

The portal model 182 is received through a graphical user interface(GUI) (such as the GUI 113 of the mobile device 110). The portal model182 includes the customizable constraints 186 on the relationshipsbetween the portal objects 160 and on the characteristics of the portalobjects 160. For example, the portal model 182 is received from theenterprise computing system 102. In some examples, the enterprisecomputing system 102 provides (generates) the portal model 182 (e.g., tothe content creation module 104). In some examples, the enterprisecomputing system 102 provides (generates) the portal model 182 inresponse to identification of the portal meta-model 180. For example, aportal manager/supervisor can provide (or generate) the portal model 182based on the portal meta-model 180 such that the portal model 182 iscustomized (or tailored) to the organization (or group) associated withthe portal 204. In some examples, the portal manager/supervisor can be aperson, a computer-implemented software module, or a combination ofboth. In some embodiments, the portal 204, the content creation module104, or both, receive the portal model 182.

In some embodiments, at least one of the customizable constraints 186modifies one of the rules 184 (of the portal meta-model 180) that definethe relationships between the portal objects 160 and the characteristicsof the portal objects 160. In some examples, the customizableconstraints 186 are based on the rules 184. Specifically, thecustomizable constraints 186 can further define (or limit) the rules 184(such that the rules 184 are customized for the organization (or group)associated with the portal 204). Thus, the customizable constraints 186on the rules 184 are dependent on the portal 204 (or each subset ofportals 204). In other words, the customizable constraints 186 on therules 184 vary for each associated portal 204. In some examples, thecustomizable constraints 186 are dependent on the related portalmeta-model 180. In some examples, the customizable constraints 186 aredependent on the rules 184 of the related portal meta-model 180.

In some examples, the customizable constraints 186 are on each of therules 184 of the portal meta-model 180 (e.g., the relationships betweenthe portal objects 160 and the characteristics of the portal objects160), or a subset of the rules 184. In some examples, the customizableconstraints 186 are on none of the rules 184 of the portal meta-model180 such that essentially the portal model 182 is substantially the same(or similar) to the portal meta-model 180. In some examples, the portalmeta-model 180 can offer suggestions for the customizable constraints186 of the portal model 182. For example, the portal meta-model 180 canoffer the suggestions via a drop down menu (such as via the GUI). Insome examples the customizable constraints 186 are user defined, such asthrough an input box (provided via the GUI).

In some examples, the customizable constraints 186 on the relationshipsbetween the portal objects 160 and on the characteristics of the portalobjects 160 can include constraints on the “look and feel” of the portalobjects 160, such as associated names of the portal objects 160. In someexamples, the constraints can include restrictions on the types ofportal objects 160 (e.g., HTML5 portal objects); restrictions onnavigational properties associated with the portal objects 160 (e.g.,allowed access to the portal objects 160 by a user); restrictions on anumber of portal pages contained by the portal objects 160, including anumber of worksets, the number of portal pages contained by theworksets, the types of portal pages contained by the worksets, and theformatting of the portal pages.

In some examples, the customizable constraints 186 further include aconstraint on the portal structure rule of the rules 184 (of the portalmeta-model 180). Specifically, the customizable constraint 186 on theportal structure rule can define that the maximum (or minimum) number ofportal pages contained (included) by the portal objects 160. Forexample, the portal objects 160 relating to a specific portal 204 (andin some examples, a specific organization) contain (include) a maximum(or minimum) number of portal pages. In some examples, each portalobject 160 can include a differing maximum (or minimum) number of portalpages. In some examples, each portal object 160 can include a samemaximum (or minimum) number of portal pages. In some examples, a subsetof the portal objects 160 include the same maximum (or minimum) numberof portal pages. In some examples, the subset of the portal objects 160can relate to a specific categorization of the portal objects (e.g.,portal objects 160 relating to a certain role of the user, or portalobjects 160 relating a specific functionality).

In some embodiments, the portal model 182 includes a user-defined portalmodel 182 such that a modification is received to the user-definedportal model 182 through the GUI (such as the GUI 113). The modificationincludes a change to at least one of the customizable constraints 186.For example, the user-defined portal model 182 can be based on theportal model 182. The user-defined portal model 182 can includemodifications (changes) to the portal model 182, such as modificationsto one or more of the customizable constraints 186.

Portal objects 160 including portal content are identified. For example,the portal objects 160 that include web (portal) content 150 areidentified. In some examples, identification of the portal objects 160can include creation (or editing) of the portal objects 160 (such as bya user). In some examples, identification of the portal objects 160 caninclude identifying created or edited (e.g., recently created or edited)portal objects 160. In some examples, identification of the portalobjects 160 can include identifying the portal objects 160 that areassociated with the portal 204 (that is associated with anorganization). In some examples, only a portion of the portal objects160 that are associated with the portal 204 include portal content. Insome examples, each portal object 160 that is associated with the portal204 includes portal content. In some examples, the portal content caninclude the aforementioned portal pages. Thus, the identified portalobjects 160 can be associated with one or more portal pages. In someembodiments, the portal 204, the content creation module 104, or both,identify the portal objects 160.

In some embodiments, the portal objects 160 can be identified byreceiving an identification of the portal object 160 through a portaleditor or (portal) wizard. For example, the portal editor or wizard canbe a computer-implemented software module (not shown) that provides aninteractive GUI to the user. The user can identify the portal objects160 (that include the portal content) via the portal editor or wizard.For example, the user can create the portal objects 160 via the portaleditor or wizard. In some examples, the user can delete content from theportal objects 160 via the portal editor or wizard. In some examples,the portal editor or wizard further includes a property editor such thata user can set values to the properties of the portal objects 160. Insome examples, the portal editor or wizard includes specific editorsbased on the portal object 160 (and the content of the portal object160). For example, for a portal page (e.g., the content of the portalobject 160), the editor can relate to changing a layout of the portalpage.

The rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186 are applied to theidentified portal objects 160. Specifically, applying the rules 184 andthe customizable constraints 186 includes comparing the relationshipsbetween the portal objects 160 and the characteristics of the portalobjects 160 to the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186.Comparing the relationships between the portal objects 160 and thecharacteristics of the portal objects 160 can include comparing each ofthe relationships between the portal objects 160 and the characteristicsof the portal objects 160 to each of the rules 184 and the customizableconstraints 186, or comparing to a subset of the rules 184 and thecustomizable constraints 186 (e.g., only the rules 184 and thecustomizable constraints 186 relevant to the specific relationshipbetween the portal objects 160 and the characteristics of the portalobjects 160). In some embodiments, the portal 204, the content creationmodule 104, or both, apply the rules 184 and the customizableconstraints 186 to the identified portal objects 160.

In some examples, the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186 areapplied to the identified portal objects 160 as the user is creating (orediting) the identified portal objects 160 (e.g., in “real-time” ordynamically). In some examples, the rules 184 and the customizableconstraints 186 are applied to the identified portal objects 160 afterthe user created (or edited) the identified portal objects 160. In someexamples, the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186 are appliedto the identified portal objects 160 in response to a user-initiation toapply the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186 (e.g., the userselecting (clicking) a computer icon associated with applying the rules184 and the customizable constraints 186). In some examples, the rules184 and the customizable constraints 186 are applied separately to theidentified portal objects 160. In some examples, the rules 184 areapplied to the identified portal objects 160 first, then thecustomizable constraints 186 are applied to the identified portal object160. In some examples, the rules 184 and the customizable constraintsare applied at the same time to the identified portal objects 160. Insome examples, the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186 areapplied automatically during (or after) creation of the identifiedportal objects 106 (e.g., without the user being aware of application ofthe rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186).

In some examples, applying the rules 184 and the customizableconstraints 186 include applying the portal structure rule of the rules184 and the constraint 186 on the portal structure rule to theidentified portal objects 160. Specifically, applying the portalstructure rule to the identified portal objects 160 includes determiningwhether the one or more (or each) of the identified portal objects 160include one or more portal pages. Applying the customizable constrainton the portal structure rule can include determining whether the one ormore (or each) of the identified portal objects 160 includes a number ofportal pages greater than a maximum number (or less than a minimumnumber).

In some additional embodiments, a difference is determined betweencharacteristics of a particular identified portal object 160 and therules 184, the customizable constraints 186, or both. For example, basedon the comparison between the relationships between the portal objects160 and the characteristics of the portal objects 160 to the rules 184and the customizable constraints 186, one or more differences aredetermined. In some examples, multiple differences are determinedbetween the particular identified portal object 160 and the rules 184,the customizable constraints 186, or both. In some examples, at leastone difference is determined between multiple identified portal objects160 and the rules 184, the customizable constraints 186, or both.

A notification is prepared for display through the GUI based on thedetermined difference. For example, after comparing the relationshipsbetween the portal objects 160 and the characteristics of the portalobjects 160 to the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186, thedifference is determined. The determined difference can be presented tothe user through the GUI (such as the GUI 113) via the notification. Insome examples, the notification can be presented via a pop up display, anotification with an application working environment, or other suchnotification means. In some embodiments, the portal 204, the contentcreation module 104, or both, determine the difference and prepare thenotification based on the determined difference.

In some additional embodiments, a particular one of the rules 184, thecustomizable constraints 186, or both, is identified that is differentfrom one or more characteristics of the particular identified portalobject 160. For example, based on the determined difference between thecharacteristics of the particular identified portal object 160 and therules 184, the customizable constraints 186, or both, the particularrule 184, customizable constraints 186, or both, is identified. Based onthe determined difference, the notification can be adjusted for displaythrough the GUI. Specifically, based on the identified rule 184,customizable constraint 186, or both, associated with the determineddifference, the notification can be adjusted. The notification caninclude a description of the difference, and the identified rule 184,customizable contract 186, or both, associated with the difference. Insome examples, the notification can further include options forcorrecting and adjusting the characteristic of the particular identifiedportal object 160 such that the particular identified portal object 160is in compliance with the rules 184, the customizable constraints 186,or both. In some embodiments, the portal 204, the content creationmodule 104, or both, identify the particular rule 184, customizableconstraints 186, or both and adjusting the notification accordingly.

In some examples, determining the difference between the characteristicsof the portal objects 160 and the rules 184, the customizableconstraints 186, or both includes determining the difference between theportal structure rule and the constraints on the portal structure andthe characteristics of the portal objects 160. Specifically, for eachportal object 160 (or a subset of the portal objects 160), a differenceis determined between the number of portal pages contained (included) bythe portal object 160 and the maximum number (or minimum number) ofportal pages defined by the constraint on the portal structure rule.Furthermore, based on this determined difference, a notification isprepared for display through the GUI. For example, when the differenceindicates that the number of portal pages contained (included) by theportal object 160 is greater than the constraint on the portal structurerule, the notification indicates such.

In some additional embodiments, based on the identified difference, apublication of the portal content (and/or the portal object 160) to the(web) portal 204 is blocked. For example, after comparing therelationships between the portal objects 160 and the characteristics ofthe portal objects 160 to the rules 184 and the customizable constraints186 and determining a difference based on the comparison, a publicationof the portal content (and/or the portal object 160) associated with thedetermined difference is blocked. In some examples, only portal contentassociated with a subset of identified differences is blocked frompublication. In some examples, only a portion of the portal contentassociated with the identified difference is blocked from publication.In some examples, when the number of portal pages contained (included)by the portal object 160 is greater than the constraint on the portalstructure rule, the publication of the portal content (e.g., the portalpages) or the portal object 160 to the portal 204 is blocked.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example portal meta-model 300. Specifically, theillustrated portal meta-model 300 (similar to the portal meta-model 180)includes entities 302 (e.g., portal meta-model entities) andrelationships 304 between the entities 302. The portal meta-model 300includes definitions between semantic objects (such as the entities 302)and their properties; and further includes definitions of relationshipsbetween the semantic objects (such as the entities 302) includingcontainment and inheritance. For example, the illustrated portalmeta-model 300 can include a semantic relating to a portal role having aset of properties (including metadata). A type of the entity defined ona property of the entity can include a type named“com.sapportals.portal.role” which defines the title of the role (e.g.,“HR managers”).

FIG. 4A illustrates an example method for managing content to be createdfor a web portal (e.g., portal 204). The example method 400 can beexecuted, for example, by the content creation module 104, the portal204, or both, using one or more computing devices. For example, anycombination of the computing systems 102, 125, the clients 135, and themobile device 110 can be used to execute the example process 500 andobtain any data from the memory of the clients 135, the mobile device110, the computing systems 102, 125, and/or the repository 130.

In step 402, a portal meta-model is identified including rules defining(a) relationships between portal objects, and (b) characteristics of theportal objects. For example, the content creation module 104, the portal204, or both identify the portal meta-model 180. The portal meta-model180 includes the rules 184 that define (a) the relationships between theportal objects 160 and (b) characteristics of the portal objects 160.Identification of the portal meta-model 180 can include receiving theportal meta-model 180 (e.g., from the host computing system 102),retrieving the portal meta-model 180 (e.g., from the host computingsystem 102), or both. In some embodiments, a particular one of the rules184 include a portal structure rule 184 that defines that a portalobject 160 is to contain one or more portal pages. For example, theportal objects 160 relating to a specific portal 204 (and in someexamples, a specific organization) contain (include) one or more portalpages.

In step 404, a portal model is received through a graphical userinterface (GUI). The portal model includes customizable constraints on(a) the relationships between the portal objects and (b) thecharacteristics of the portal objects. For example, the content creationmodule 104, the portal 204, or both receive the portal model 182 throughthe GUI (such as the GUI 113). The portal model 182 includes thecustomizable constraints 186 on (a) the relationships between the portalobjects 160 and (b) the characteristics of the portal objects 160. Insome examples, the portal model 182 is received from the enterprisecomputing system 125. In some examples, the enterprise computing system125 provides (generates) the portal model 182 (e.g., to the contentcreation module 104). In some examples, the enterprise computing system125 provides (generates) the portal model 182 in response toidentification of the portal meta-model 180.

In some embodiments, at least one of the customizable constraints 186modifies one of the rules 184 that define (a) the relationships betweenthe portal objects 160, and (b) the characteristics of the portalobjects 160. In some examples, the customizable constraints 186 arebased on the rules 184. Specifically, the customizable constraints 186can further define (or limit) the rules 184 (such that the rules 184 arecustomized for the organization (or group) associated with the portal204).

In some embodiments, a particular customizable constraint 186 defines amaximum (or minimum) number of portal pages contained (included) in theportal object 160. In some examples, the portal objects 160 relating toa specific portal 204 (and in some examples, a specific organization)contain (include) a maximum (or minimum) number of portal pages.

In step 406, a modification to a user-defined portal model is receivedthrough the GUI. The modification includes a change to at least one ofthe customizable constraints. For example, the content creation module104, the portal 204, or both, receive the modification to theuser-defined portal model 182 through the GUI. The modification includesa change to at least one of the customizable constraints 186. Theuser-defined portal model 182 can include modifications (changes) to theportal model 182, such as modifications to one or more of thecustomizable constraints 186.

In step 408, one or more portal objects including portal content isidentified. For example, the content creation module 104, the portal204, or both identify the portal objects 160 that include the portalcontent (e.g., the web (portal) content 150). Identification of theportal objects 160 can include creation (or editing) of the portalobjects 160 (such as by a user). In some examples, identification of theportal objects 160 can include identifying the portal objects 160 thatare associated with the portal 204 (that is associated with anorganization).

In some embodiments, identification of the one or more portal objects isreceived through a portal editor or (portal) wizard. For example, thecontent creation module 104, the portal 204, or both, receive theidentification of the one or more portal objects 160 through the portaleditor or (portal) wizard For example, the portal editor or wizard canbe a computer-implemented software module (not shown) that provides aninteractive GUI to the user. The user can identify (e.g., create oredit) the portal objects 160 (that include the portal content) via theportal editor or wizard.

In step 410, the rules, the customizable constraints, or both, areapplied to the identified portal objects. For example, the contentcreation module 104, the portal 204, or both, apply the rules 184, thecustomizable constraints 186, or both, to the identified portal objects160. Applying the rules 184 and the customizable constraints 186includes comparing the relationships between the portal objects 160 andthe characteristics of the portal objects 160 to the rules 184 and thecustomizable constraints 186.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example method for determining differencesbetween created web content and rules and customizable constraints. Theexample method 420 can be executed, for example, by the content creationmodule 104, the portal 204, or both, using one or more computingdevices. For example, any combination of the computing systems 102, 125,the clients 135, and the mobile device 110 can be used to execute theexample process 420 and obtain any data from the memory of the clients135, the mobile device 110, the computing systems 102, 125, and/or therepository 130.

In step 422, a difference between characteristics of a particularidentified portal object and the rules, the customizable constraints, orboth is determined. For example, the content creation module 104, theportal 204, or both, determine a difference (or differences) between theparticular identified portal object 160 and the rules 184, thecustomizable constraints 186, or both. In some examples, based on thecomparison of the relationships between the portal objects 160 and thecharacteristics of the portal objects 160 to the rules 184 and thecustomizable constraints 186, one or more differences are determined.

In step 424, a notification of the determined difference is prepared fordisplay through the GUI. For example, the content creation module 104,the portal 204, or both, prepare for display through the GUI (such asthe GUI 113) the notification of the determined difference. In someexamples, after comparing the relationships between the portal objects160 and the characteristics of the portal objects 160 to the rules 184and the customizable constraints 186, the difference is determined.

In step 426, a block of publication of the portal content to a webportal is initiated based on the identified difference. For example, thecontent creation module 104, the portal 204, or both, initiate the blockof publication of the portal content (e.g., the web (portal) content150) to the portal 204 based on the identified difference. In someexamples, after comparing the relationships between the portal objects160 and the characteristics of the portal objects 160 to the rules 184and the customizable constraints 186 and determining a difference basedon the comparison, a publication of the portal content (and/or theportal object 160) associated with the determined difference is blockedfor publication on (or by) the portal 204.

In step 428, a particular rule, customizable constraint, or both, isidentified that is different from the characteristic of the particularidentified portal object. For example, the content creation module 104,the portal 204, or both, identified the particular rule 184, thecustomizable constraint 186, or both, that is different from thecharacteristics of the particular identified portal object 160. In someexamples, based on the determined difference between the characteristicsof the particular identified portal object 160 and the rules 184, thecustomizable constraints 186, or both, the particular rule, customizableconstraints 186, or both, is identified.

In step 430, the notification of the determined difference is adjustedfor display through the GUI. For example, the content creation module104, the portal 204, or both, adjust the notification of the determineddifference for display through the GUI (such as the GUI 113). Thenotification can include a description of the difference, and theidentified rule 184, customizable contract 186, or both, associated withthe difference. In some examples, the notification can further includeoptions for correcting and adjusting the characteristic of theparticular identified portal object 160 such that the particularidentified portal object 160 is in compliance with the rules 184, thecustomizable constraints 186, or both.

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate example user interfaces used with managingcontent to be created for a web portal. Specifically, FIGS. 5A and 5Billustrates a user interface 500 including a folder portion 502 and aneditor portion 504. The folder portion 502 includes multiple folders 506that can include portal (web) content 508 (e.g., portal pages). Theeditor portion 504 includes a specific role object 512 (analogous to theportal objects 160) (e.g., the “IT Manager” role object 512), and a rolecontent sub-portion 514. The role content sub-portion 514 includes alisting of portal objects 508 contained (included) by the role object512, including associated properties 516 (such as “entry point;”“visible;” “sort priority;” “merge;” and others).

The administrator can associate (e.g., “create”) the portal pages 508with the role object 512. For example, the administrator can select the“Remote Assistance” portal page 508 to associate with the role object512. To that end, using the above-mentioned process, it is determinedwhether the addition of the “Remote Assistance” portal page 508 to therole object 512 will violate the rules 184 or the customizableconstraints 186 (e.g., whether the role object 512 will include a numberof portal pages greater than a maximum number). In the present example,the role object 512 can be associated with three such portal pages 508.Therefore, when the administrator selects the “Remote Assistance” portalpage 508, the GUI 500 includes an option to “Add Page to Role” option516 via a drop down menu. As shown in FIG. 5B, the role object 512 isnow associated with the “Remote Assistance” portal page 508 via thelisting of portal object 508 in the role content sub-portion 514.

With continued referenced to FIG. 5B, additionally, the administratorcan attempt to associate a further portal page 508 with the role object512, such as the administrator selecting the “My Open Tickets” portalpage 508 to associate with the role object 512. Using theabove-mentioned process, it is determined whether the addition of the“My Open Tickets” portal page 508 to the role object 512 will violatethe rules 184 or the customizable constraints 186 (e.g., whether therole object 512 will include a number of portal pages greater than amaximum number). In the present example, the role object 512 can beassociated with three such portal pages 508. Therefore, when theadministrator selects the “My Open Tickets” portal page 508, the GUI 500does not include an option to “Add Page to Role” option 516 via a dropdown menu. Rather, the option to include the Add Page to Role” option516 via a drop down menu is “greyed out” to indicate such an option isnot available.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made. For example, othermethods described herein besides or in addition to that illustrated inFIG. 1-5 may be performed. Further, the illustrated steps of method 400and 420 may be performed in different orders, either concurrently orserially. Further, steps may be performed in addition to thoseillustrated in methods 400 and 420, and some steps illustrated inmethods 400 and 420 may be omitted without deviating from the presentdisclosure. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope ofthe following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for managing webcontent creation, the method comprising: receiving, from a hostcomputing system, a portal meta-model comprising one or more rulesdefining (i) relationships between portal objects of a plurality ofportals and (ii) characteristics of the portal objects of the pluralityof portals, the one or more rules of the portal meta-model independentof each portal of the plurality of portals, a particular rule of the oneor more rules defining that at least one portal object of the pluralityof portals contains at least one portal page; in response to receivingthe portal meta-model, generating a portal model, through a graphicaluser interface (GUI), as a particular implementation of a particularportal of the plurality of portals, the portal model comprising one ormore customizable constraints that are specific to the particular portaland dependent on a business enterprise associated with the particularportal, the customizable constraints on (i) the relationships betweenthe portal objects of the particular portal and (ii) the characteristicsof the portal objects of the particular portal, a particularcustomizable constraint of the customizable constraints defining athreshold number of portal pages contained in the portal objects;identifying one or more particular portal objects, of the particularportal, comprising portal content; and applying the one or more rulesand the one or more customizable constraints to the identified one ormore portal objects of the particular portal independent ofadministrator action to determine that, based on the particular rule,that the identified one or more portal objects contains one or moreportal pages, and based on the particular customizable constraint, theidentified one or more portal objects include a number of portal pagesthat meets or exceeds the threshold number of portal pages.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: determining a difference betweenat least one characteristic of the one or more particular portal objectsand at least one of the rules or the customizable constraints; andpreparing a notification of the determined difference for displaythrough the GUI.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising initiatinga block of publication of the portal content to a web portal based onthe identified difference.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising:identifying a particular one of the rules or customizable constraintsthat is different from the at least one characteristic of the one ormore particular portal objects; and adjusting the notification of thedetermined difference for display through the GUI.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying the one or more particular portal objectscomprising portal content comprises receiving an identification of theone or more particular portal objects through a portal editor or wizard.6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the customizableconstraints modifies one of the one or more rules defining relationshipsbetween the portal objects of the particular portal, and characteristicsof the portal objects of the particular portal.
 7. The method of claim1, wherein the portal model comprises a user-defined portal model, themethod further comprising: receiving a modification to the user-definedportal model through the GUI, the modification comprising a change to atleast one of the customizable constraints.
 8. A non-transitory computerstorage medium encoded with a computer program, the program comprisinginstructions that when executed by one or more computers cause the oneor more computers to perform operations comprising: receiving, from ahost computing system, a portal meta-model comprising one or more rulesdefining (i) relationships between portal objects of a plurality ofportals and (ii) characteristics of the portal objects of the pluralityof portals, the one or more rules of the portal meta-model independentof each portal of the plurality of portals, a particular rule of the oneor more rules defining that at least one portal object of the pluralityof portals contains at least one portal page; in response to receivingthe portal meta-model, generating a portal model, through a graphicaluser interface (GUI), as a particular implementation of a particularportal of the plurality of portals, the portal model comprising one ormore customizable constraints that are specific to the particular portaland dependent on a business enterprise associated with the particularportal, the customizable constraints on (i) the relationships betweenthe portal objects of the particular portal and (ii) the characteristicsof the portal objects of the particular portal, a particularcustomizable constraint of the customizable constraints defining athreshold number of portal pages contained in the portal objects;identifying one or more particular portal objects, of the particularportal, comprising portal content; and applying the one or more rulesand the one or more customizable constraints to the identified one ormore portal objects of the particular portal independent ofadministrator action to determine that, based on the particular rule,that the identified one or more portal objects contains one or moreportal pages, and based on the particular customizable constraint, theidentified one or more portal objects include a number of portal pagesthat meets or exceeds the threshold number of portal pages.
 9. Thenon-transitory computer storage medium of claim 8, wherein theoperations further comprise: determining a difference between at leastone characteristic of the one or more particular portal objects and atleast one of the rules or the customizable constraints; and preparing anotification of the determined difference for display through the GUI.10. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 9, wherein theoperations further comprise initiating a block of publication of theportal content to a web portal based on the identified difference. 11.The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim 9, wherein theoperations further comprise: identifying a particular one of the rulesor customizable constraints that is different from the at least onecharacteristic of the one or more particular portal objects; andadjusting the notification of the determined difference for displaythrough the GUI.
 12. The non-transitory computer storage medium of claim8, wherein the operation of identifying the one or more particularportal objects comprising portal content comprises receiving anidentification of the one or more particular portal objects through aportal editor or wizard.
 13. The non-transitory computer storage mediumof claim 8, wherein at least one of the customizable constraintsmodifies one of the one or more rules defining relationships between theportal objects of the particular portal, and characteristics of theportal objects of the particular portal.
 14. The non-transitory computerstorage medium of claim 8, wherein the portal model comprises auser-defined portal model, the operations further comprise: receiving amodification to the user-defined portal model through the GUI, themodification comprising a change to at least one of the customizableconstraints.
 15. A system of one or more computers configured to performoperations comprising: receiving, from a host computing system, a portalmeta-model comprising one or more rules defining (i) relationshipsbetween portal objects of a plurality of portals and (ii)characteristics of the portal objects of the plurality of portals, theone or more rules of the portal meta-model independent of each portal ofthe plurality of portals, a particular rule of the one or more rulesdefining that at least one portal object of the plurality of portalscontains at least one portal page; in response to receiving the portalmeta-model, generating a portal model, through a graphical userinterface (GUI), as a particular implementation of a particular portalof the plurality of portals, the portal model comprising one or morecustomizable constraints that are specific to the particular portal anddependent on a business enterprise associated with the particularportal, the customizable constraints on (i) the relationships betweenthe portal objects of the particular portal and (ii) the characteristicsof the portal objects of the particular portal, a particularcustomizable constraint of the customizable constraints defining athreshold number of portal pages contained in the portal objects;identifying one or more particular portal objects, of the particularportal, comprising portal content; and applying the one or more rulesand the one or more customizable constraints to the identified one ormore portal objects of the particular portal independent ofadministrator action to determine that, based on the particular rule,that the identified one or more portal objects contains one or moreportal pages, and based on the particular customizable constraint, theidentified one or more portal objects include a number of portal pagesthat meets or exceeds the threshold number of portal pages.
 16. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise: determininga difference between at least one characteristic of the one or moreparticular portal objects and at least one of the rules or thecustomizable constraints; and preparing a notification of the determineddifference for display through the GUI.
 17. The system of claim 16,wherein the operations further comprise initiating a block ofpublication of the portal content to a web portal based on theidentified difference.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein theoperations further comprise: identifying a particular one of the rulesor customizable constraints that is different from the at least onecharacteristic of the one or more particular portal objects; andadjusting the notification of the determined difference for displaythrough the GUI.
 19. The system of claim 16, wherein the operation ofidentifying the one or more particular portal objects comprising portalcontent comprises receiving an identification of the one or moreparticular portal objects through a portal editor or wizard.
 20. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein at least one of the customizable constraintsmodifies one of the one or more rules defining relationships between theportal objects of the particular portal, and characteristics of theportal objects of the particular portal.
 21. The system of claim 15,wherein the portal model comprises a user-defined portal model, theoperations further comprise: receiving a modification to theuser-defined portal model through the GUI, the modification comprising achange to at least one of the customizable constraints.